History/1690
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World History Timeline - 1690
England's Protestant king, William III, defeats Catholic foe James II of Ireland at the Battle of Boyne; Queen Mary of England dies of smallpox.
English philosopher John Locke writes Two Treatises of Civil Government, which introduces the idea of the commonwealth and the social contract.
French playwright Jean Racine writes Athaliah, and Englishman Henry Purcell composes the opera King Arthur, with libretto by John Dryden.
Feuding erupts in the Scottish Highlands as clans fight over the MacDonald clan's allegiance to King William III of England. Legendary leader Rob Roy becomes chief of the MacGregor clan after Gregar MacGregor dies.
The infamous witch trials of Salem begin in the colony of Massachusetts, and 20 "witches" are eventually put to death.
German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm invents a calculating machine that can add, subtract, and multiply.
In Switzerland, a rift in the religious beliefs of the Mennonites leads to the beginnings of the Amish fellowship.
The Bank of London, which will become England's monetary dynamo, is chartered after loaning funds to the government.
The pirate stronghold in Port Royal, Jamaica, is devastated when an earthquake dumps much of the city into the sea.
Persia's Shah Suleiman II dies and is succeeded by his son, Hussein.
Mustapha II assumes the Ottoman throne after Ahmed II dies.
English musicians Nahum Tate and Nicholas Brady include the hymn "While Shepherds Watch by Night" in their publications.
After an auspicious reign, Charles XI of Sweden dies and is succeeded by his savvy and successful son, Charles XII.
Russia's Czar Peter becomes determined to westernize Russia after visiting Europe in disguise.
English Restoration playwright William Congreve writes The Mourning Bride and The Way of the World.
The infamous triangular slave trade route from North America to the Caribbean to Africa develops as the English opens up the slave trade to British merchants.
The first legitimate stock exchange is founded in London, England.
Champagne is developed in France when Monk Pierre Perignon pioneers the technique of capturing effervescence with the help of strong English glass.
English captain William Kidd veers from his initial mission to combat piracy and begins raiding on his own; after being declared a pirate, he surrenders on the promise of a pardon.
The Hapsburg dynasty is brought to an end because King Carlos II of Spain is childless; the Treaty of Partition attempts to negotiate the problem of Spanish succession.
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