History/1650
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World History Timeline - 1650
Charles II, the son of recently beheaded King Charles I of England, is forced to escape to France after his coronation when Oliver Cromwell defeats the royal forces in battle; Cromwell is officially named Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and a constitution is drafted in 1563.
English philosopher Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan, which defends the right of a sovereign to impose his will on the people as a necessary requirement for civilization.
After persecuting Christians and solidifying the Tokugawa shogunate, infamous Japanese ruler Iemitsu dies and is succeeded by his son, Ietsuna.
English trade benefits from the Navigation Act, which forbids the importation of goods into England and her colonies by non-English vessels.
Dutch settlement in South Africa begins when Jan van Riebeck founds Cape Town.
Shunsai Hayashi writes O-Dia-khi-Ran, a chronicle of Japanese history.
Manhattan's Wall Street will get its name from the defensive structure built by Dutch settlers to defend against English aggression.
Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn, celebrated for his innovative use of light and texture, paints A Portrait of Hendrickje and Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer.
Queen Christina of Sweden leaves her throne disguised as a man and flees to the Catholic Church in Rome after losing a vast amount of money and land in creating and maintaining her lavish court.
A coffee house is opened in London by an Armenian merchant; these houses will become centers for trade, debate, and political activity.
Condoms made of sheep's gut are referred to for the first time in the Parisian publication L'ecole Des Filles and will gain some popularity in the upper class to protect against rampant venereal disease. Birth control remains virtually unknown.
Clockmaking is revolutionized when Dutch mathematician Christian Huygens introduces the use of the pendulum.
The great capital of Edo in Japan is devastated by a fire that takes the lives of over 100,000 citizens.
The great emperor of the Mogul Empire, Shah Jahan, is succeeded by son Aurangzeb; however, Aurangzeb's chauvinism alienates him from much of the population.
Tea is first advertised in Mercurious Politicus, a London publication that advocates the Chinese import for medical reasons; coffee advertisements claim that coffee helps prevent scurvy and the gout.
The scientific revolution gains momentum as Jan Swammerdam, a Dutch naturalist, provides the first known description of red blood cells.
Maria Theresa of Spain is engaged to marry the French king, Louis XIV; Spain slides further away from its former glory when it grants territories to France in the Treaty of Pyrenees.
French playwright Pierre Corneille writes Oedipus,and Moliere, the manager of the French acting ensemble the King's Comedians, pens the great farce The Affected Ladies.
The seeds of religious tolerance in the New World appear in a document written to New Amsterdam's governor Peter Stuyvesant regarding Quaker colonists; the Flushing Remonstrance requests that "every man stand and fall to his own Master."
England goes to war for three years with Spain in order to assume control of Jamaica.
After the death of his father, Oliver Cromwell, Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England. A "Rump Parliament" is formed, which clamors for a return to monarchical rule.
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