History/1640
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World History Timeline - 1640
King Charles I of England gains money from the Irish to invade Scotland and impose Anglicism; English civil war begins when the rift widens between the king's Anglican supporters and the disgruntled nobility.
Explorer Paul de Chomedey of France founds Montreal.
In the midst of a civil war known as the Fronde, Louis XIII dies and is succeeded by Louis XIV, who will have a long and powerful reign as the Sun King of France.
Violence between the natives of North America and the Dutch settlers continues when New Amsterdam's governor calls for a massacre of Wappinger Indians.
Italian Evangelista Torricelli invents the first barometer, to measure air pressure.
Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi writes the first known historical opera, The Coronation of Poppea, with a libretto written by Giovanni e Paolo.
The last emperor of China's Ming dynasty commits suicide when Beijing falls to rebel forces, and the rule of the Ch'ing dynasty begins.
Englishman John Milton writes "Aereopagitica" to defend the freedom of the press.
Rembrandt van Rijn paints The Rabbi, and Diego Velaquez paints King Philip IV on a Boar Hunt.
The labor demand on the sugar plantations of Brazil leads to the importation of 10,000 slaves a year.
The English civil war ends when Charles I surrenders to Oliver Cromwell and the Roundheads. Charles' decapitation transforms England into a republic headed by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.
The Quaker sect originates in Leicestershire, England, under the leadership of George Fox, who is heavily influenced by Anabaptist theology.
Nitric acid, an essential component for explosives, is invented by Johann Glauber.
India's Taj Mahal is completed by order of the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan and becomes one of the seven man-made wonders of the world.
Alexis Mikhailovich of Russia succeeds his father Michael Romanov as czar.
French philosopher Rene Descartes writes The Passions of the Soul.
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