History/1540
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World History Timeline - 1540
At the age of 16, Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first czar of Russia and marries Anastasia of the Romanov family.
The Book of Common Prayer, by Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, makes elements of the medieval church understandable and accessible to English readers, adding momentum to the Protestant Reformation.
The native population of Hispaniola has been reduced from 14,000 to 500 during the past 50 years because of disease transmitted by European explorers.
Henry II of France assumes control of Brittany.
Population growth in China is encouraged by the introduction of crops such as corn and sweet potatoes.
French theologian John Calvin begins a theocratic government in Geneva that becomes the stronghold of Protestantism in Europe.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation gains momentum when Pope Paul III recognizes the Jesuit order.
Needing to sire enough male heirs to the throne, England's Henry VIII remarries Anne of Cleves in 1540 but protests the match less than nine months later and marries Catherine Howard; he beheads Howard on charges of adultery and marries Catherine Parr in 1543.
Andreas Vesalius finishes De Humani Corporis Fabrica, which includes illustrations of the human body and paves the way for future discoveries.
The Inquisition of Pope Paul III of Rome conducts trials of heretics in an attempt to waylay the Reformation; Protestants begin to be burned at the stake in 1543.
The Colorado River is discovered by explorer Hernando de Alarcon, and Lopez de Cardenas discovers the Grand Canyon.
Thirty-year-old James V of Scotland dies and is succeeded by his newborn daughter, Mary Queen of Scots, who was raised in France.
Nikolaus Copernicus waits until the end of his life, then defies church doctrine by publishing his theory of a sun-centered solar system.
Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Pizarro names the Amazon River after being attacked by Indian women with bows and arrows.
Europeans first visit Japan when Portuguese explorers are shipwrecked near Kyushu; the discovery of their muskets introduces firearms into Japanese fighting.
Michelangelo paints the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel with The Last Judgement, which becomes the largest painting in the world.
The English epigrammatist John Heywood publishes a book of proverbs, which includes such classics as "Better late than never," "A penny for your thoughts," and "Beggars shouldn't be choosers."
Warfare between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire is momentarily eased when Emperor Charles V and Sulieman the Magnificent make a truce.
Henry VIII of England, a king noted for his athletic abilities, has grown so fat and ill that he must be moved up and down stairs by special machinery; he dies in 1547 and is succeeded by his weak son, Edward VI.
Francois I of France dies and is succeeded by his 28-year-old son, Henry II, who is greatly influenced by his 48-year-old mistress, Diane de Poitiers.
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