History/1150
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World History Timeline - 1150
England's domestic wine industry begins to suffer from the competition of cheap French wines that have recently been introduced into England.
Crusader Berthold of Calabria and 10 of his companions establish the mendicant (begging) Carmelite Order in 1155 when they establish themselves as hermits on Mount Carmel in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
In 1159, an English army under the command of Henry I invades Toulouse in an attempt to assert the rights of Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Louis VII is able to drive the English out.
In 1159, England's John of Salisbury writes his Policraticus, the famous work of extended and systematic political philosophy. Also included in the Policraticus is John's explicit defense of tyrannicide.
Chinese seamen and caravan leaders employ crude magnetic compasses to navigate their journeys.
The foundation of the University of Paris is laid.
The music of the troubadours becomes popular in southern France.
Iceland issues the first fire and plague insurance.
In 1151, Geoffrey of Anjou, who is called Plantagenet because he wears a sprig in his hat, dies and is succeeded by his son, Henry II, who was made duke of Normandy the year before.
Conrad III of Germany dies and is succeeded by his nephew, Frederick, in 1152. It is hoped that Frederick, who reigns as Frederick I Barbarossa, will end the rivalry between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, opposing political factions in the struggle between empire and papacy.
The marriage of France's Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine is annulled in 1152. Eleanor marries the future Henry II, who is now count of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, and duke of Normandy, giving him control over more than half of France.
King Stephen of England dies in 1154, and Henry Plantagenet succeeds him, becoming Henry II of England. This is the beginning of the Plantagenet Dynasty, which will rule England until 1399.
Nicholas Breakspeare, the first and only English pope, begins his reign as Adrian IV in 1154. He rules for five years and tries to end the anarchy that has plagued the city of Rome.
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