History/1070
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World History Timeline - 1070
The Order of the Knights of St. John is established in Jerusalem to care for the hospital of St. John. They gradually become militarized in the coming centuries, assuming a combat role.
Byzantine power in Asia Minor comes to an end when the armies of the Turkish sultan, Alp Arslan, defeat the forces of Romanus IV Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert.
Venetians complete the building of St. Mark's Cathedral, ending 95 years of construction.
A two-pronged fork is introduced to Venice by a Byzantine princess who had married a doge. Rich Venetians follow suit.
Hildebrand is elected to succeed Pope Alexander II and takes as his name Gregory VII. During his reign, Gregory will attack simony, enforce celibacy among the clergy, and champion the power of the papacy.
The Seljuk Turk Malik Shah conquers Syria and Palestine.
Acoma (the Sky City) is founded by tribespeople in the Western Hemisphere and will become the oldest continuously inhabited town on the northern continent.
The Synod of Rome promulgates strict decrees against simony (the purchase or sale of church offices). Many German bishops oppose Gregory's elevation to the papacy.
Gregory VII compiles the Dictatus Papae, a collection of canons supporting the power of the papacy.
Nomadic Almoravids plunder Kumbi, the capital of the Kingdom of Ghana. Overgrazing also contributes to the decline of the empire.
In response to the issue of lay investiture, which draws the papacy and European rulers into conflict, German Emperor Henry IV calls the Synod of Worms in 1076, which declares Pope Gregory VII deposed. In response, Gregory deposes and excommunicates Henry.
German Emperor Henry IV makes his penance at Canossa, and Gregory VII reluctantly absolves him in 1077. Yet the German nobles elect an anti-King to rival Henry with the approval of Gregory's legates.
Stanislas, bishop of Cracow, excommunicates Poland's Boleslav II and joins a conspiracy of noblemen against the King. Boleslav has Stanislas killed soon after and, as Polish rebels pursue him, flees to Hungary, where he dies.
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